Check if binary tree is complete javaงาน

แปลไทยเป็นอังกฤษได้ไหมครับ อยากให้เขียนอธิบายการทำงานของโปรแกรม/แอพครับ โดยอธิบายให้ครบทุกฟังค์ชั่น และมีการทำงานอย่างไร จาก

แปลไทยเป็นอังกฤษได้ไหมครับ อยากให้เขียนอธิบายการทำงานของโปรแกรม/แอพครับ โดยอธิบายให้ครบทุกฟังค์ชั่น และมีการทำงานอย่างไร จาก

ฉันมีข้อมูลของรถตำรวจตรวจสอบในบางเมืองของประเทศไทย ฉันต้องการใครสักคนที่จะแปลข้อมูลเป็นภาษาจีนและทำเครื่องหมายตำแหน่งบนแผนที่ google I have information of the police check car in some cities Thailand . I need someone to translate the information to Chinese and mark the location on the google map.

เว็บใช้ Laravel ในการพัฒนา แต่ส่วนที่แก้ไขจะเกี่ยวข้องกับ HTML CSS และ JAVA ครับ มี 2 ข้อ 1. ในส่วนของ “Explore the right boat for you” แก้ไข text ที่ซ้อนกันเองและซ้อนกับปุ่ม (ลองเลือกเรือรุ่นอื่นๆ ดู) 2. ตอนกดเปลี่ยนรุ่นเรือ รูปรุ่นเรือที่เลือกก่อนหน้าจะขึ้นมาก่อน พอหยุดถึงจะเปลี่ยนเป็นรุ่นใหม่ อยากให้ตอนที่ขยับเข้ามาเป็นรุ่นเรือรุ่นใหม่เลยครับ ติดต่อที่ไลน์ไอดี paramathone เสนอราคาและระยะเวลาได้เลยครับ

ไฟล์ template ที่มีให้เป็น .AI ต้องการใส่ข้อมูลลงใน template มีข้อข้อมูลต้นฉบับให้เป็น ไฟล์ pdf ให้ใส่เนื้อหาและจัดเรียงตามตัวอย่าง (file pdf) จำนวน 39 หน้า

บริษัทผู้ให้บริการด้านเทคโนโลยี GPS, IOT, ERP รับสมัคร Freelance ร่วมงานดังนี้ Backend Developer ที่มี Skill ดังนี้ - Golang - Mysql Frontend Developer ที่มี Skill ดังนี้ หรือ อย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง - Web (HTML/CSS) - Android Application (Java) - iOS Application (Swift) ลักษณะงานแบ่งเป็น Module ย่อยๆ แต่ละ Module ระยะเวลาประเมินในการทำไม่เกิน 8 ชั่วโมง (บริษัทเป็นผู้ประเมินระยะเวลา และกำหนดค่าจ้างตามระยะเวลาประเมิน สามารถเจรจาต่อรองได้ตามสมควร) วางบิลแต่ละงานได้ทันทีที่งานเสร็จ บริษัทมีงานให้ต่อเนื่อง ขอผู้ที่สามารถเดินทางเข้ามาคุยรายละเอียดที่ Office ได้อาทิตย์ละ 1 ครั้ง ประมาณ 2 ชั่วโมง ในวันทำการจันทร์ - ศุกร์ (สามารถเลือกช่วงเวลาเข้ามาคุยได้ตั้งแต่ 10:00 ถึง 21:00) ที่อยู่ Office : ติดถนนใหญ่ รามคำแหง 109, หัวหมาก บางกะปิ กรุงเทพ

ฉันต้องการให้พัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์ ฉันต้องการพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์นี้โดยใช้ Java

...technology ใหม่ๆ ที่ full stack developers ต้องทำได้ - อยากทำงานแบบ work from home ไม่ต้องมาเครียดกับรถติดและเวลาเข้างาน - มี passion ในการช่วยพัฒนาสังคมด้วยเทคโนโลยี - ใช้ชีวิตอยู่ได้ด้วยเงินไม่เกิน 50,000 บาท ต่อเดือน - มี skill เหล่านี้ : AngularJS 1.5.X, Bootstrap 3.x, Responsive design, Jquery 1.11.x, Java Script/DOM, Rest web service / JSON / HTTP Request, Git (Optional : Less or Sass css, Webstrom) ถ้าทั้งหมดคือตัวตนของคุณ [Removed for encouraging offsite communication which is against our Terms and Conditions.] PromptCoach () คือ startup สาย Edutec ที่มีปณิธานแน่วแน่ในการช่วยพัฒนาคนในสังคมให้มีคุณภาพมากขึ้นผ่านเทคโนโลยี เราต้องการเป็นศูนย์รวม โค้ช และ คอร์สอบรม ที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในโลก!! - เราได้รับทุนสนับสนุนหลักล้านจาก angel investor ทั้งที่ยังไม่มี product

Application ที่องค์กรใช้ มี ระบบ Database ใช้ MS SQL

ต้องการ Web Application เพื่อจัดการ GPS Fleet Management โดย มี Hardware GPS 1. กำหนดการเดินทางต่อวัน (สถานที่ ตามใน Database) 2. ระบบคำนวนค่าน้ำมัน/แก้ส ตามระยะทาง 3. ระบบบันทึกการที่รถวิ่งและตรวจสอบว่าไปถึงสถานที่นั้นจริงหรือไม่ (check point)

...to ensure you get a broad spectrum of vitamins and minerals. Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to maintain hydration, support digestion, and promote overall vitality. Mindful Eating: Pay attention to what you eat and how you eat. Avoid distractions, savor each bite, and listen to your body’s hunger and fullness cues. Exercise: Moving Towards Wellness Regular physical activity is crucial for maintaining a healthy body and mind. Exercise not only helps in weight management but also reduces the risk of chronic diseases, improves mood, and boosts energy levels. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week, along with muscle-strengthening exercises. Here are some fun and effective ways to stay active...

Hi Jame P., I noticed your profile and would like to offer you my project. We can discuss any details over chat.

... Ability to set the remote server IP for each registered device. Implement user authentication with: Login ID generation based on device MAC address. User-selectable password after admin approval. Login expiration for enhanced security. Write well-documented and commented source code for both the Android application and admin panel. Qualifications: Proven experience in Android app development (Java/Kotlin). Proficiency in Laravel framework, MySQL, and PHP. Strong understanding of security best practices for mobile apps and web development. Excellent communication and collaboration skills. Benefits: Competitive salary and benefits package. Opportunity to work on a challenging and innovative project. Work in a collaborative and fast-paced environment. Please submit your resume an...

I am looking for an AI trainer proficient in Python or java to assist me with my AI project. Key Requirements: - Proficiency in Python: You should be adept in using Python for AI projects. - Machine Learning and Deep Learning Skills: Ideally you will have a solid foundation in machine learning and deep learning concepts and their practical applications. - Communication Skills: A good trainer should be able to explain complex ideas in simple terms. I will require online and offline assistance, so you should be comfortable with both modes of training. The ideal candidate should be able to provide regular updates and feedback on my progress. I am eager to get started and would appreciate if you could commit some time to this project.

I urgently need a directorship record check in the Mauritius area. I require an in-depth individual directorship record check, focusing on verifying company directorship, length of tenure, and any disqualifications or restrictions. It's a high priority for me, so I need it completed as soon as possible. Ideal candidate would have: - Experience with pre-employment vetting - Strong research and investigative skills - Knowledge of the legal requirements in Mauritius - Promptness and timely delivery.

It is necessary finish a web application in python + django regard the statistic of stocks. So it is necessary: some fetaures of some filter; -. make some change to mysql database and api to datafeed. -. verify the formulas and add some features; -. make better the design. - create an admin page with security login and import stocks manually. Please answer only if you can show similar experiences

Busco desarrollador web para realizar una página exclusivamente con Java, Javascript, HTML, CSS (puede usar Bootstrap) con base de datos MySQL utilizando XAMPP (phpmyadmin) y Apache NetBeans/Eclipse como entorno. La pagina tiene que tener un inicio de sesión/registro de 2 tipos de usuario (usuario cliente y administrador). La pagina tendrá un menú de navegación en la parte superior con varias pestañas: inicio (introduccion a la web, ultimas noticias, etc), videojuegos (aqui estaran todos los videojuegos de la web con un filtro de busqueda por genero y plataforma sacado de la base de datos donde se ve el nombre de cada uno, foto de su portada, genero, plataforma, fecha de lanzamiento, etc. y alguna opcion para ponerles nota, opinar, añ...

i have Pojo class where it is picking property value from api response as integer in the Pojo Class: @JsonProperty("intensity") private Integer intensity; public Integer getColor() { return color; } public void setColor(Integer color) { = color; } and in parser class (INTENSITY, ((), 0)); The problem is sometimes the Api giving the color value as string not as interger but only on on checkbox config we add and this already defined in java if(checkVariant is true) then consider it string and parse it what i have to do to fix my code based on that condition so i can parse the string value this way: updateProperties("color", ((), ));

More details: What specific goals do you have for your Italian cafe's online presence? Looking for marketing expert What information should successful freelancers include in their application? Detailed project proposals How soon do you need your project completed? ASAP

I need a freelancer who can conduct a comprehensive background check for pre-employment purposes. The task involves: - Conducting a thorough check on the candidate's criminal records - Verifying the candidate's employment history - Confirming the candidate's educational qualifications The ideal freelancer for this project should be well-versed with background checks, have access to reliable databases and be able to compile the information accurately and efficiently. Please note that the privacy and confidentiality of the candidate's information is of utmost importance.

...extraction, and ensuring that the extracted table is ready for analysis. Please note that no additional data preprocessing is required. --- name "iXBRL" , inside folder contain multiple html file(hundreds to thousands), each html file contain multiple tables(vary from 15-35, depend on each html file). Python to extract specific table and vertically stack them together to create an Excel file.(first column add html filename.) inside html file is encoded in chinese, so must use chinese to view it. table name/string partially e.g. "現金流量表" or "被投資公司名稱" or "資金貸與他人"or "轉投資大陸地區" or other name(later can be change). extract table based on table names/string. the table may not be there(depend on the html). If so...

My project involves the development of an Android mobile app, primarily as a business tool with accounting capabilities. Key Features: - Splash Screen & Login with Auth Module: The app should have a splash screen and a login page that is modern and sleek in design. Your Skills: - Strong experience in Java for Android app development. - Knowledge in creating authentication systems. - Familiarity with inventory management and accounting concepts. I'm looking for a skilled developer who can bring these elements together in a user-friendly manner. The design should be modern and clean, reflecting the professional nature of the app's purpose.

I'm in need of an experienced Java Full Stack Developer to build a comprehensive application with the following features and requirements: - **Features and Functionalities** I need the application to have the following features: - User registration and login: A secure and user-friendly way for users to create accounts and log in. - Payment processing: A seamless payment processing system. - Data encryption: Robust data encryption measures to ensure user data is safe and secure. - **Design and UI/UX Requirements** I'm looking for a modern and clean design that is responsive and mobile-friendly. The interface should be intuitive and user-friendly, making it easy for users to navigate and interact with the application. - **Integration and Third...

I'm looking to create a personal branding profile resume that can be used for various purposes including job applications, and online professional networking. Key Requirements: - Transform my existing CV into a dynamic and well-designed profile resume. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proficiency in and rea...react js with tailwind CSS or bootstrap or Mui -use frame motion animations and dark and light theme - Proven track record in creating personal branding materials - Ability to translate traditional CV content into a more dynamic and engaging online format. Please note that due to the nature of this project, a solid understanding of personal branding and resume design for online profiles is crucial. check my cv at the attachment , one cv in details and other s...

I'm urgently in need of a software developer who can help me fix some bugs in my software and make some necessary adjustments to the code. Key Requirements: - Debugging: You should be experienced in identifying and resolving bugs in s...help me fix some bugs in my software and make some necessary adjustments to the code. Key Requirements: - Debugging: You should be experienced in identifying and resolving bugs in software. - Code Customization: The project may require some customization of the code to ensure it meets my requirements. Your experience with software development, particularly with Java, Python or C++, will be highly regarded. The project is quite urgent, so I'm looking for someone who can start immediately and deliver fast, but without compromisi...

I have a Uniswap Swap Widget integrated on my web platform built using React. The widget is currently facing connectivity problems that need to be addressed. Uniswap Swap Widget It use Metamask and Wallet Connect , I want change it Rainbowkit connector It need to complete in few hrs Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proficiency with React and Uniswap - Experience in fixing connectivity issues in web platforms - Understanding of how to integrate and troubleshoot widgets The task mainly involves identifying the root cause of the connectivity issue, and implementing a reliable fix that ensures the widget functions correctly. Experience with similar projects or Uniswap integration will be a

...The software should assist in tracking, restocking, and managing our inventory efficiently. - Customer Management: Maintaining customer details for smoother transitions and personalized customer experiences is crucial. - Sales Reporting: We require comprehensive sales reports to review our business's progress and areas for improvement. Users: The software should easily accommodate 1-5 users at once, with unique access capabilities for each user. Ideal Candidates: I'm seeking professionals with experience designing and developing business-centric software. Experience with .NET, Java, or other relevant programming languages would be beneficial. Knowledge of Windows-based software development and expertise in back-end databases are essential. Applicants who unde...

...using Java who can support me in executing key tasks for my app. The main areas of support needed are app functionality and bug fixing. Key Tasks: - App Functionality: Your role will involve implementing and refining specific functionalities within the app. This includes features like push notifications and user authentication. Ideally, you will have a strong understanding of Android development best practices and be able to translate user requirements into tangible features that enhance the app's overall usability and appeal. - Bug Fixing: Being able to troubleshoot and resolve any technical issues or bugs that may arise during the development process is crucial. Your ability to debug, test and fix issues efficiently will be highly valued. Target Audience: The app...

I'm looking for a skilled programmer to help me convert my invention into an app for iOS and Android devices. It is preferred that you're located here in SAN DIEGO, CA...however it's not absolute. Key requirements: - I'm open to the programming language, so your expertise in Python, Java, or C and C ++ would be beneficial in guiding the decision. - The main functions the app should possess are user authentication and data storage. I will require a Non Disclosure Agreement [NDA] to proceed with details of the invention. If you've got experience in app development [Coding] and can help me bring my invention to life on mobile devices, please reach out. Looking forward to working with you! Thanks, Mike

...they are willing to spend per review they are getting on Amazon. Token Value: Users' token value increases as they review books and submit screenshots with all the details. - Reward Points: Reward points are added for successfully completing tasks. - Levels: Every user has levels that get increased based on his or her activity. Authors -You can add books based on the form that is required to upload a book. - Check how many books they have uploaded. Readers - Can browse books uploaded in the reading library. - Books that are yet to be reviewed. - Books that they have reviewed. Get Points - Rewards Page Support Join WhatsApp Group Join Facebook Group Refer a Friend Plugins - Mycred | Memberpress Ideal Skills: - Proficient in WordPress and membership site creation...

Hi Ishaq A., My Printer says that The logo file in one of the rewind bag artwork files for Mulberry Tree brand is too small. Can you please fix the logo and change to the two coloured versions used in the artwork

...able to analyze market conditions and place trades automatically as per the set strategy. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proficient in Python: Since Python is my preferred programming language for this bot, you should have demonstrable experience in programming with Python. - Knowledge of Binary Trading: A good understanding of binary trading platforms and how they operate is a considerable plus. - Experience with Automated Trading: Prior experience in developing bots for automated trading is highly preferred. - Familiarity with : Given that the bot will be used on , experience or familiarity with the platform is valuable. The development of this bot must align with the current regulations and guidelines of Binary.com. Please provide any ...

โปรดลงทะเบียน หรือเข้าสู่ระบบ เพื่อดูรายละเอียด

CAFE NAME: BIgmug Cafe Color black and white I'm looking for a creative logo design for my chain of cafes that can compete in the western market. Like Starbucks, Java House, Mugg & Bean I don't have any specific ideas for the logo yet, so I'm counting on your expertise to bring something unique to the table. Key Points: - The logo must convey a modern and innovative vibe, capturing the essence of my franchise cafe's vision. It should be memorable it’s extremely important it’s unique and memorable like starbucks - I'm specifically looking for a design in black and white or grayscale, so please ensure this is incorporated effectively.

...explain over and over again. So this is the requirements for the project: Inviter script must have some user friendly interface (HTML or app interface like Java or similar) Inviter script will take inputs of multiple Telegram API’s (accounts) total from 5 or 10 accounts a) API ID b) API Hash All API’s (Accounts) would be added to target channel/group as admins Script will read files where all accounts to be invited will be listed in the following format: @jacksparow @did738 @simao79 @wiro … The user file will contain anywhere from 1000-2000 users thats why i need script to be multithreaded and add Users from 10 Telegram API’s simultaneously because Telegram has limit on how many users you can add. You can offer your workaround ...

...data effectively. - Developing software or web applications. I am working with Java/Spring/JavaFX and am open to creative development ideas and solutions. - Designing logos and visuals. Your ability to create engaging and unique visuals will be a big asset to my projects. I am currently using Word 2010 and will be working with Java/Spring/JavaFX for the programming aspect of this project. The ideal candidate should possess the following: - Proficiency in Word 2010 and earlier. - Strong skills in Excel for data analysis and spreadsheet creation. - Experience in software and web application development with Java/Spring/JavaFX. - A creative flair with a keen eye for graphic design, particularly in logo design. If you are a well-rounded professional with thes...

I'm in need of a full-time, mid-level software developer to join our e-commerce company. You should be proficient in Python, Java, and PHP. Your primary responsibilities will include: - Coding and programming: Developing robust, scalable software solutions for our e-commerce platform. - Database management: Ensuring the efficient operation of our databases and managing related processes. - Bug fixing and troubleshooting: Identifying and addressing software issues to maximize performance. Your experience should ideally span 2-5 years, giving you a good understanding of the nuances of software development. In addition to your technical prowess, you should be able to work efficiently within a team and communicate effectively. Your input will be crucial in enhancing our e-commer...

...recording for me. This recording contains a mixture of speech and fake snoring. It is critical the voice amidst the snoring is represented clearly, and also identify the female voice in the recording. Key requirements include: - Expertise in audio engineering or related fields - Proven experience in voice and noise analysis - Detail-oriented and can accurately identify and note the female voice in the recording - Ability to deliver completely clear sound quality, removing the noise of the fake snoring without affecting the voice quality - The final output should allow me to clearly understand what is being said throughout the recording An ideal candidate should have a background in forensic audio analysis. Your task is to remove the snoring sounds and b...

I'm in need of a seasoned AI developer to assist with a project that involves a variety of AI tasks. The ideal candidate should be proficient in Python and Java, with a solid understanding and experience in the following areas: - Natural Language Processing - Machine Learning - Computer Vision The project will involve a mix of training machine learning models and using pre-trained models. The output of the project will be a functional AI system that integrates these three areas seamlessly. Ideal candidates will have a deep comprehension of AI-related algorithms, excellent problem-solving skills, and an ability to work both independently and as part of a team.

I have a Python notebook containing well-structured code that effectively translates a sample of a large dataset from English to Arabic. However, the current code cannot handle the entire dataset due to its size. using : model_name = 'Hel...notebook containing well-structured code that effectively translates a sample of a large dataset from English to Arabic. However, the current code cannot handle the entire dataset due to its size. using : model_name = 'Helsinki-NLP/opus-mt-en-ar' Tasks: - Modify the existing Python code in the provided notebook to translate the entire dataset from English to Arabic. - Ensure the translated data is saved in two formats: Comma-Separated Values (CSV), and Apache Parquet (.parquet) - Provide the CSV and parquet files after saving (m...

...data effectively. - Developing software or web applications. I am working with Java/Spring/JavaFX and am open to creative development ideas and solutions. - Designing logos and visuals. Your ability to create engaging and unique visuals will be a big asset to my projects. I am currently using Word 2010 and will be working with Java/Spring/JavaFX for the programming aspect of this project. The ideal candidate should possess the following: - Proficiency in Word 2010 and earlier. - Strong skills in Excel for data analysis and spreadsheet creation. - Experience in software and web application development with Java/Spring/JavaFX. - A creative flair with a keen eye for graphic design, particularly in logo design. If you are a well-rounded professional with thes...

I'm seeking a skilled Java Spring Boot developer to refine and extend existing code with MQTT integration. Key requirements: - Fixing issues with code execution, incomplete functionality, and performance. - Incorporating Influx library into the codebase. - Enable automatic messaging to multiple MQTT topics, following specific logic. - Tracking and managing duplicates based on both time and counters, and taking action accordingly. Ideal skills for this project: - Proficiency in Java, Spring Boot, and MQTT. - Knowledge of working with libraries, specifically Influx. - Experience with time series data and counter management. - Previous projects involving MQTT topic management. - Strong understanding of code optimization. I'm open to having a web service conversatio...

...data effectively. - Developing software or web applications. I am working with Java/Spring/JavaFX and am open to creative development ideas and solutions. - Designing logos and visuals. Your ability to create engaging and unique visuals will be a big asset to my projects. I am currently using Word 2010 and will be working with Java/Spring/JavaFX for the programming aspect of this project. The ideal candidate should possess the following: - Proficiency in Word 2010 and earlier. - Strong skills in Excel for data analysis and spreadsheet creation. - Experience in software and web application development with Java/Spring/JavaFX. - A creative flair with a keen eye for graphic design, particularly in logo design. If you are a well-rounded professional with thes...

I'm in need of a talented illustrator who can create a hand-drawn family tree in a minimal style. The end product should be a beautiful, simple illustration that stands out for its elegant, uncluttered design. Key Details: - Style: Minimal - Size: Medium (up to 18x24 inches) - Content: The tree should be detailed enough to cover 7 generations, but without the names of the family members. I'll be filling in the names myself post-completion. - I need in PDF/illustrator format. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proficient in hand illustration, with a portfolio that showcases a minimalistic style. - Experience in creating intricate, multi-generational family trees or similar illustrations. - Ability to communicate and work collaboratively to ensure the final product meet...

...high-impact chapter summaries on gynecological topics. This is a fantastic opportunity to solidify your understanding while earning money! Fast Track Your Learning: Help Fellow Students: Create clear, informative chapter summaries for struggling students. Reinforce Your Knowledge: Condensing information strengthens your grasp of key concepts. Flexible Schedule: Work on summaries at your own pace. Competitive Pay: Earn 3 dollars per completed chapter summary. Ideal Candidate: Medical student with a solid foundation in gynecology. Strong reading comprehension and summarizing skills. Ability to identify key points and translate them into clear, concise language. Excellent writing and editing skills. Quick Screening Process: Rapid Knowledge Check: A few multiple-choice que...

This is an assignment with 5 stages that 2/5 are done and Half of the remaining stages are done as well I want someone to help me finish it and the projects has a guidline and some libraries limitations plus an inbuilt automarker

I require a structural engineer to check that work done by a builder ten years ago is safe, so that I can rent out or sell the property. A non-supporting wall was removed between a kitchen and a dining room. The builder put in a steel beam which he said was stronger than necessary, but he also said that it would need signing off. He said that whoever inspected would want to see that the pad stones or cap stones had steel reinforcement in them. Ordinarily this would be the man from the council. I want an independent engineer. I am naively thinking that I need a certificate to say that this is safe and that it complies with Building Regulations. The quote I have had was to do calculations based on my measurements, with the proviso that it was based on my measure...

...beacons. Technology: Flutter Key Requirements The Application -------------------------- - The app should primarily be developed in Flutter. However, since a Foreground service is required to run indefinitely in the background, it is acceptable to create this service in Kotlin or Java. Communication between Flutter and the native code should be done via Platform Channels (MethodChannel and EventChannel). User Interface ----------------------- The app should have three main screens: - Splash Screen: Displays the app logo. - Login Screen: User authentication with username and password. When the login button is pressed, a POST request should be made to an API (which I will provide) sending the username and password in JSON format. The API will respond wit...

I am in need of a coder well-versed in Lua and experienced with IceSL. The task involves: - Developing a Lua script that can generate a 3D model. - The 3D model in question is a cycloidal gear and pinion element, generally employed In clock gears. Skills and Experience Required: Mechanical Engineer - Proficient in Lua scripting language. - Experience with IceSL for 3D modelling. This task requires an understanding of code as well as a foundational knowledge of mechanical engineering principles. If you possess these skills and experience, I'd love to hear from you. Please include any relevant work in your proposal.

I'm looking for an experienced Java developer to help me with my test cases. The primary focus of these tests is Integration testing for multiple components. Ideal skills and experiences: - Java programming - Expertise in Mockito/Power Mockito - Experience in integration testing - Ability to work with existing test cases and refactor them.